Glyndon Park: Happy Birthday!

On Sunday 17 October 1948, the Vienna Recreational Association (VRA) dedicated what we now know as Glyndon Park, a municipal recreational facility in the northeast quadrant of the Town of Vienna.¹ This post provides a history of the park roughly through its first 15 years.

A Park 50 Years in the Making

The Vienna community established what we now know as Glyndon Park a few years after World War II, but the idea of a park at the site dated to the late 19th century. When Vienna notable Orrin E. Hine acquired the Ayr Hill tract in 1891, he promptly subdivided the parcel and dedicated it as the Ayr Hill Subdivision.³ Hine included a circular park where the baseball field is located today. At 2.6 acres, the prospective park was a fraction of the size of today’s facility.

As of 1901, a decade after Hine subdivided his tract and two years after his death, no lots had sold in the part of the subdivision that included the park. Consequently, Hine’s widow, Alma Delano Hine, abandoned the idea of a subdivision in that section. A transaction in 1901 vacated the streets and lots in the unsold portion so it could become a farm.⁷ With this, a park was no longer platted for the former Ayr Hill tract.

Over the next 30 years, the tract made its way through the Hine family and eventually ended up with the Town of Vienna. In 1915, Alma Hine had conveyed to her son, Charles Delano Hine, 126 acres that included the future parkland.⁸ Charles died in 1927.⁹ His sister, Katrina Hine Echols, then acquired the property through his will.¹⁰ The will was apparently complicated enough—it included provisions to the benefit of the Town of Vienna under certain circumstances—to prompt Katrina Hine Echols and the Town to formally partition the land in 1934.¹¹ A dozen parcels totaling some 125 acres were involved in the partition. Among the properties that the Town received was a parcel of 17 and 2/3 acres that bordered on Glyndon Street, Ayrhill Avenue, and Beulah Road and included today’s park. From 1941 to 1946, the Town subdivided portions of this parcel that were adjacent to Ayrhill and Beulah Road as lots for residential development, leaving the Town with approximately 11 acres of the original parcel.¹²

Establishing the Park

With all that, on Sunday, 17 October 1948, the VRA dedicated what one local newspaper referred to as “the Vienna Community Park” and another as “the Vienna Recreation Park and Picnic Area.” The dedication event included children’s games, a religious service, a soup pot-luck, and a bonfire.²⁰ 

Building the Park

The administrative task of establishing the park on Glyndon Street was one thing; fitting it out was another, and that took about two years to complete. Even before the dedication, the Lions Club had begun to clean and grade the site with the support of other organizations.²¹ Within weeks after, volunteers had offered their time and expertise, supplies such as grass seed and gravel, and help with buying bonds to finance the facility.²²  

For that first season, the primitive state of the grounds and the fire danger from the uncleared portion of the property led the VRA to limit the use of the park to organized groups coordinating via Harold Whitmore.²³ To get ready for the second season in the summer of 1949, the VRA pushed hard, presumably to avoid the limits that were required the year before. As part of that push, the Vienna Volunteer Fire Department had to burn trash and brush gathered at the site, and the Lions Club needed to install equipment. The climax was a week in May that included a Saturday “VRA Activities Day.” The Seventh Day Adventist Church cut down large, dead trees which were then removed from the property. Antioch Christian Church cleared a significant portion of the five areas set aside for picnicking. These areas were now ready for the dozen picnic tables built the previous fall. The Episcopal, Methodist, and Presbyterian Churches chipped in, as did other organizations. Volunteers erected several swing-sets next to the picnic areas and cleared five areas for fireplaces. The soft ball field received a backstop.²⁴ The result of this May surge was “a more finished and park-like appearance,” according to the Providence Journal.²⁵

For the following year, “[t]he 1950 Vienna Park Improvement program started with a rush” in early April.²⁶ Marcus Bles, the contractor for the Town’s new water and sewer system and a key player in the future development of Tysons Corner, provided bulldozers and trenching machines.²⁷ Accomplishments included the enlargement of the softball field, the completion of the foundation for the recreation shelter, the placement of fill for the stage of the woodland amphitheater, and the creation of a plant nursery.²⁸

The local press gave the two-year effort positive reviews. The Falls Church Echo quoted VRA President Whitmore, referring to the partnership of the 14 local organizations: “We thought that we could cooperate. And we have.” The newspapaper commended Vienna’s residents for building the park, declaring somewhat grandly that their efforts have “all the earmarks of democracy of our colonial days when cooperation was the keynote for survival and existence.” Financial data in the media also suggested a positive outlook for VRA’s immediate future. Whereas in 1949 the VRA received contributions of cash, materials and labor worth $2700 for the park, the organization estimated the amount for 1950 would be $10,000.²⁹ The Washington Post put the improvement starkly when it commended the Town for “creating a park from a rubbish dump.”³⁰ The Post was not taking literary license here: the Town of Vienna had used the site as the city dump well into the 1940s.³¹

Two events in 1950 signaled the closing of this initial period for the park. First, in June, VRA and the Town of Vienna signed a new lease. A four-acre parcel bordering Beulah Road was added to the seven-acre extent of the original agreement. That brought the park’s boundaries to where they stand today. As before, the lease was good for 10 years with an option for renewal, and VRA’s financial obligation to the Town remained at $5 annually. The provision also remained for a future community center on one of the acres. A new provision was that VRA committed to not add any permanent structure, alter the land, or remove any trees without the Town’s approval.³² The second event was the completion of the “Recreation Shelter” late in the year. The shelter featured an equipment room, restrooms for men and women, drinking fountains, a fireplace, and 20 x 42-foot concrete porch. By August, the shelter was in a sufficient state for the VRA’s Board of Directors to meet under its roof, the first time the board had been able to gather at a facility of its own.³³ A later estimate concluded that the shelter would have cost $8,000-$10,000 without donated labor and equipment. With such donations, it only cost $2300.³⁴

Park Activities

Over the course of the first 15 years of the park, the site hosted several big events that recurred to varying extents.  

Fall Picnic: The 1948 dedication ceremony became the first annual VRA fall picnic at the park. There were at least three of these, with the last that I could find evidence for in 1950. The 1949 edition featured a concert by the Army Ground Force’s band and its 40-man chorus, a bonfire, a bring-your-own barbecue, and a sing-along.³⁵ For 1950, local radio personality Connie B. Gay and his “Hillbilly show” provided the entertainment.³⁶ Gay was an important figure in country-music history. He helped to popularize the genre while operating out of the Washington area in the late 1940s and the 1950s.³⁷

Interestingly, a Spring Festival that complemented the fall picnic didn’t seem to gain traction in the community. I could find reports of only one Spring Festival, in mid-May 1950. Whereas the fall picnic that year had an Army band, for the spring festival a 50-piece Air Force ensemble provided the music. A concession stand sold hot dogs for those who neglected to bring their own food. The new amphitheater in the park hosted the University of Maryland’s Gymkhana Troupe, which mixed gymnastics and comedy for entertainment. Also from the university were a magician duo. A Native American man with ties to the Crow and Blackfoot Tribes in Wyoming performed a ceremonial dance.³⁸

Safety Patrol Jamboree: The Spring Festival did not repeat after 1950 probably because in the spring of 1951 the park hosted a different big event, Fairfax County’s first “School Safety Patrol Jamboree.”³⁹ The event recurred at the park at least once, in 1954 for the third annual jamboree, and did not occur in 1953 for some unspecified reason.⁴⁰ For the gathering in 1951, the County expected 1,200 safety patrollers, guests, and band members and as many as 3,000 spectators.⁴¹ The jamborees in both years featured a parade of the safety patrols, bands, and floats.⁴² In 1954, safety patrols from 48 schools in the county plus 12 bands participated.⁴³ In 1951, Virginia’s governor spoke to the group in what was now referred to as Woodland Theater after the parade returned to the park.⁴⁴ Army field kitchens from Fort Belvoir prepared free meals for the participants.⁴⁵ In 1954, Connie B. Gray was back for the entertainment, and this time he brought along Jimmy Dean and his Texas Wildcats.⁴⁶ For both years, distinguished guests included General Jacob Devers, a retired U.S. Army four-star who had been one of General Eisenhower’s principal subordinate commanders in Western Europe during World War II.⁴⁷ 

19510429 Safety patrol parade awardees Evening Star Sunday Star p41 29 Apr 1951, Sun Evening star (Washington, District of Columbia) Newspapers.com

Independence Day: In 1950, Vienna celebrated the Fourth of July at the park, probably the first time it did so at the facility. The evening’s festivities included a picnic, a flag-raising, folk dances, and fireworks. Special guests for the event were foreign nationals who worked for the State Department overseas. Vienna was hosting so the visitors could witness “the daily life of a typical American small town.” The group visited schools and churches in the area. Then, in the afternoon, Town residents opened their houses to the visitors. (See article below). ⁵⁰ This hosting of foreign visitors on July 4th continued at least into the mid-1960s.⁵¹ The 1959 celebrations at the park also included three Vienna Lions Little League games.⁵² The Vienna Lions Little League, established in 1952, began operations in June 1953 with games at the park’s ballfield.⁵³ Courtesy of the League’s supporters, the ballfield received an apparently new diamond, bleachers, a scoreboard, and dugouts.⁵⁴ In 1960, the July 4^th celebration at the park was the biggest yet, drawing “a seam-splitting crowed of 3,000….four times larger than [in 1959],” according to a local newspaper.⁵⁵ Glyndon Park continued to be the venue for the Town’s Independence Day observance through 1966 or 1967, judging from local newspaper articles.⁵⁶ 

19500702 Vienna Park hosts foreign observers Evening Star pA29 02 Jul 1950, Sun Evening star (Washington, District of Columbia) Newspapers.com

Summer Program: By the early 1950s, the park was the venue for a summer camp for children. A local press article in 1956 announced that “[t]he Vienna summer playground will be held this year as usual at the Vienna Park on Glyndon Street” [this author’s emphasis], suggesting that the activity was routine and thus pre-dated the mid-50s.⁵⁷ In 1956, the PTA sponsored the camp under the County’s recreation program.⁵⁸ For the 1962 camp, classes included tennis, cheerleading, archery, and even golf; just the initial session for golf was at the park. Activities for the children were camp staples such as low-organized games, sports, arts and crafts, cook-outs, singing, as well as organized story-telling and drama.⁵⁹   

Beauty Contest: Starting in 1959, the park was the venue for an annual beauty contest, Miss Vienna Day, held in late August or early September under the auspices of the Vienna Lions Club.⁶⁰ For 1963, events at the park began at 11:30 AM with a pancake lunch. The contest itself didn’t kick off until 6:00 PM. In between were a display of model airplanes and performances by baton-twirlers, the Lions Club Banjo Boys, and the Beauty Dots from the Bette Cannon School of Dance.⁶¹ For 1962, the contestants were ages 15-18 and judged on “beauty, poise, and personality.” Each of the girls or young women would have a local businessman as a sponsor who paid a $10 fee to cover the sponsored party’s expenses. The contestants received free lessons in applying makeup, walking, standing, and grooming; local beauty shops styled their hair. The competition awarded the winner with a $50 savings bond—more than $500 in 2025 dollars—and a trip to the Miss Alexandria-Fairfax and Miss Shenandoah Valley Apple Blossom contests. For the latter, she would ride in a Lions Club float decorated for the occasion.⁶² In 1960, the master of ceremonies was the reliable Connie B. Gray.⁶³  

Miss Vienna contest at Vienna Park, August 1960 07 Aug 1960, Sun Evening star (Washington, District of Columbia) Newspapers.com

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Sidebar: Racial Segregation at the Park

In its early years Glyndon Park was a whites-only facility at least for a particular summer activity. It wouldn’t be surprising if it was segregated all of the time in that period, whether by law or in practice. While I’m sure that older residents could narrow the gaps in my knowledge with insights from their experiences, here is what I learned in my research:

–In the late 1940s and the 1950s, the summer recreation program for children in Fairfax County was segregated, and the park on Glyndon Street, sponsored by the VRA, was in the white category. In 1951, for instance, there were 21 supervised playgrounds in Fairfax County, all of them funded for summer activities through the forerunner to the United Way. Ten of these 21 were for black children, including “The Vienna Colored Playground” held that year at the First Baptist Church. The park at Glyndon Street, in contrast, was among the playgrounds for white children.⁶⁹ As of 1960, the summer program remained segregated.⁷⁰ It wasn’t until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that segregation in municipal and state parks received a federal ban.

–Virginia’s Public Assemblage Act of 1926 mandated segregation in “any place of public entertainment or public assemblage.” “The most categorical requirement [for segregation in places of public recreation in laws in any American state] appears to be that contained in the Virginia statute…,” according to a legal analysis of segregation in public parks written in the wake of Brown v. Board of Education. This analysis concludes that the law may have been broad enough to apply to both privately sponsored gatherings and recreational facilities furnished by the state.⁷¹ Under the law, it might have been permissible, hypothetically speaking, to have whites and blacks at the same event at the park if they had separate seating.

–The sponsoring organizations of the VRA did not include either the First Baptist Church of Vienna or the Vienna Lodge of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows, two long-established organizations within Vienna’s black civil society of the time.⁷² It might have been reasonable for either or both to participate if the facility–and the VRA–were open to blacks. That neither did may indicate they were excluded from the opportunity on racial grounds.

–By leasing the park to the VRA in 1948, Vienna may have avoided a legal obligation to provide a separate but equal facility for its black residents, judging from an account by historian Josh Howard of the the struggle to integrate Virginia’s state parks. “By 1948, [c]ivil rights actions targeted Virginia State Parks,” Howard writes. “Legal strategies were to create test cases wherein state parks could be compelled to demonstrate their facilities were separate but equal, which was impossible given the lack of state park facilities open to Black visitors….” Virginia officials tried to defeat this approach by “follow[ing] a strategy of leasing state parks to private entities who would then continue to manage the parks as whites only….”⁷³ Perhaps some municipalities adapted this same approach.

–Racial covenants governed almost all of the residential lots closest to the park, which were along Ayr Hill Avenue, Beulah Road, Church Street, and Park Street.⁷⁴ Under these covenants, established between 1937 and 1951, owners of the properties were forbidden to sell to non-whites. Restricting the nearby park to whites would have been consistent with these practices.

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Change

By the late 1950s, the role of civil society in managing the park was receding as the that of local government was advancing. Perhaps the change reflected an erosion in the antipathy of many Virginians to public debt, dating back to the mid-19^th century and prolonged by the attitude of the Byrd political machine towards most aspects of public spending. Or perhaps the circumstances were more localized and immediate: a postwar population increasing further, greater expectations for government services, and reduced attention or effectiveness on the part of the VRA. Regarding the last, in 1960 a local press report referred to “the long-neglected Vienna Park on Glyndon Street.”⁷⁵ Whatever the cause, by early 1960, at or near the end of the VRA’s 10-year lease, the operations of the park had reverted from the VRA back to the Town of Vienna. As a local newspaper put it in March 1960, ‘[T]he recreation area, previously leased to a private group, is again a town responsibility.”⁷⁶

Consistent with its new responsibility, Vienna injected some funding into the park. In 1960, the Town Council provided some $1100 for improvements and maintenance.⁷⁷ Some of this was probably to repair costly vandalism at the park.⁷⁸ In 1961, the Mayor reported that the Town was renovating the park, probably referring to the Town Council’s provision of funds to remodel the restrooms and the picnic shelter.⁷⁹ The Mayor put these efforts in context in 1961 by contrasting what he characterized as the improved funding of the preceding two or three years with the “very limited” funding for recreation previously.⁸⁰ The Town’s newsletter echoed the idea. “Within the past 2 years Vienna has made great strides in developing and equipping the Glyndon Street Park….”⁸¹ As another indicator of the Town’s seriousness in operating the park, in 1962, Vienna hired its first recreation director. William F. Costolo worked full-time in the position through the summer and part-time the rest of the year, a schedule that fit well with his job as a school counselor in Arlington.⁸² 

Evolution in the Park’s Name

I’ll close this history of the park’s early years at late 1962 with the subject of the park’s name. When first established in the late 1940s, the park was referred to as the “Vienna Recreation Park,” judging from newspaper accounts of the time.⁸³ It wasn’t long—i.e. by 1950 and 1951—that “Vienna Park” seems to have been the preferred name, as it remained through the 1950s.⁸⁴ During this period, some press references might slip in the park’s Glyndon Street location in a foreshadowing of today’s name. Thus we get “VRA’s Recreation Park on Glyndon Street,” the “Vienna park on Glyndon St.,” and “Vienna Park, Glyndon St. NE.”⁸⁵  

In early 1960, the Town decided to fund another Town “playground-park,” this one on Meadow Lane SW.⁸⁶ With a second playground-park in Vienna, it apparently no longer fit to identify the facility on Glyndon Street as “Vienna Park.” In mid-1960, one newspaper story identified the park as “Vienna (Glyndon) Park.”⁸⁷ By 1961, we see “Glyndon Street Park” and what one might think as the point that brought us to today’s usage, “Glyndon Park in Vienna.”⁸⁸

Then, however, came the national craze over the centenary of the American Civil War. In 1861, Vienna had been the site of one of the war’s earliest skirmishes, involving a Union unit from Ohio and a Confederate outfit from South Carolina. Thus at the hundredth anniversary of the engagement, the Town Council in June 1961 decided to commemorate the event by renaming its two parks after Ohio and South Carolina. Glyndon Park, on the northern side of town, became “Ohio Park.”⁸⁹

By mid-1962, though, the Council was rethinking the name-change. Not only had the change confused Vienna residents, the councilmen themselves couldn’t keep it straight.⁹⁰ At one point in the subsequent debate, an unspecified party suggested changing the names to the senior commanders in the 1861 engagement. Had that idea prevailed, we might now be referring to Glyndon Park as Schenck Park. However, in December 1962, the Town Council voted 3-2 to rename Ohio and South Carolina parks back to Glyndon and Meadow Lane, respectively. “Glyndon Park” is how it has remained since. ⁹¹

Posted 14 October, 2025.

Sourcing Notes

The various newspaper articles were accessed via the Virginia Chronicle website of the Library of Virginia. The exceptions were Washington’s Evening Star/Sunday Star and The Washington Post, which I accessed via Newspapers.com and the website of the Fairfax County Public Library, respectively.

The endnotes are listed twice below. The first list features active links, but the numbering only shows up to you, the reader, as single digits because of some sort of software glitch. Thus endnote “9” is followed by endnote “0,” and then the numbers recycle again. The data at each endnote is nonetheless correct. The second list is from a PDF that captures how I see the endnotes in my application. In this list, the numbers proceed as they should. Endnote “9” is followed by “10,” which is followed by “11,” etc. The links do not work, however. My apologies for this.

1. Hill, Jack. “A Day in Vienna,” Providence Journal, 21 October 1948, p2. “Vienna Park Dedication Sunday,” Fairfax Standard, p1.
   ↩︎
2. Town of Vienna – File # 24-4612, “Request For Approval of a Lot Line Adjustment for Lot 0382 02 0046, Located At 300 Glyndon Street, NE, In the PR Parks And Recreation Zoning District.” Attachment 8, Staff Presentation – Glyndon Park, 23 September 2024, slide 1. ↩︎
3. Fairfax County deeds K5:317 and H6:421. Fairfax Herald, 20 November 1891, p3. Ayr Hill Subdivision plat, available at the website for Historic Vienna, Inc. (HVI) via HVI’s “Town of Vienna History” page. ↩︎
4. H6:421. ↩︎
5. Ayr Hill Subdivision plat, available at the HVI website via HVI’s “Town of Vienna History” page. ↩︎
6. Town of Vienna – File # 24-4612, Attachment 8, slide 3. ↩︎
7. H6:421. “Major Orin E. Hine Dead,” Alexandria Gazette, p2. ↩︎
8. Deed V7:419. ↩︎
9. Obituary for Colonel Charles D. Hine, New York American, p21. ↩︎
10. Charles DeLano Hine will, Fairfax County Will 12:43. ↩︎
11. Deed O11:514. ↩︎
12. Deeds X14:409, Y14:196, A15:99, 496:450, and 514:84 ↩︎
13. Hill, “A Day in Vienna,” Providence Journal, 21 October 1948, p2. ↩︎
14. “Lions Club Organized,” Fairfax Herald, 1 May 1942, p1. “Getting the Job Done,” Falls Church Echo, 7 April 1950, p2. ↩︎
15. Deed 649:67. ↩︎
16. Hill, “A Day in Vienna,” Providence Journal, 21 October 1948, p2. Stuntz, Connie Pendleton and Stuntz, Mayo Sturdevant. “This Was Vienna, Virginia: Facts and Photos.” p291. “Recreation Association To Elect Tonight,” Providence Journal, 7 October 1948, p14. ↩︎
17. Deed 649:67. ↩︎
18. “Recreation Association….,” Providence Journal, 7 October 1948, p14. ↩︎
19. Hill, “A Day in Vienna,” Providence Journal, 21 October 1948, p2. ↩︎
20. “Vienna Park Dedication Sunday,” Fairfax Standard, 15 October 1948, p1. Hill, “A Day in Vienna,” Providence Journal, p2. ↩︎
21. Hill, “A Day in Vienna,” Providence Journal, 21 October 1948, p2. ↩︎
22. “Organizations May Use Vienna Community Park,” 5 November 1948, p1. ↩︎
23. “Organizations May Use Vienna Community Park,” 5 November 1948, p1.  ↩︎
24. “Vienna Park Construction Day Is Set,” Fairfax Standard, 6 May 1949, p1 & p8. “Vienna Park Ready For Use This Summer, Providence Journal, 19 May 1949, p1 & p2. ↩︎
25. “Vienna Park Ready….,” Providence Journal, 19 May 1949, p1. ↩︎
26. “Everybody Works at Vienna Park Saturday,” Providence Journal, 6 April 1950, p1. ↩︎
27. “Everybody Works….,” Providence Journal, 6 April 1950, p1. Stuntz, Constance Pendleton and Stuntz, Mayo Sturdevant.  “This Was Tysons Corner, Virginia: Facts and Photos,” p117.  ↩︎
28. “Everybody Works….,” Providence Journal, 6 April 1950, p1. ↩︎
29. “Getting the Job Done,” Falls Church Echo, 7 April 1950, p2. ↩︎
30. “Vienna Given Beautifying Plaque Prize,” The Washington Post, 13 March 1951, pB2. ↩︎
31. “Getting the Job Done,” Falls Church Echo, 7 April 1950, p2 ↩︎
32. Deed 791:296. ↩︎
33. “Vienna Park Shows Year of Progress Team Work Does It, Says VRA,” Fairfax Standard, 25 August 1950, p1. ↩︎
34. “Vienna Recreation Group To Campaign For Building Swimming Pool Next Year,” Falls Church Echo, 28 September 1951, p1. ↩︎
35. “Band Concert To Highlight VRA Picnic,” Fairfax Standard, 7 October 1949, p1. ↩︎
36. “Gay Doings At VRA Park Saturday,” Fairfax Standard, 13 October 1950, p1. ↩︎
37. Tiger, Patrick. “When Washington Was Nashville North,” WETA website, 3 April 2014. ↩︎
38. “VRA Gives Spring Festival,” The Fairfax Standard, 12 May 1950, p1; “Vienna Park Shows Year of Progress; Team Work Does It, Says VRA,” The Fairfax Standard, 25 August 1950, p1. ↩︎
39. “Planes Fly Over Vienna ‘Lions Will Roar’; Vienna Host to Safety Patrol Jamboree Saturday,” Fairfax Standard, 27 April 1951, p1 & p4. ↩︎
40. “Jamboree Time: Saturday Is Big Say For School Patrols,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 23 April 1954, p1. “Groups Planning Patrol Jamboree,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 16 April 1954, p1.
    ↩︎
41. “Planes Fly Over Vienna….,” Fairfax Standard, 27 April 1951, p1. ↩︎
42. “Planes Fly Over Vienna….,” Fairfax Standard, 27 April 1951, p1. “Groups Planning….,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 16 April 1954, p1. ↩︎
43. “Jamboree Time….,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 23 April 1954, p1. ↩︎
44. “Planes Fly Over Vienna….,” Fairfax Standard, 27 April 1951, p1 ↩︎
45. “Planes Fly Over Vienna….,” Fairfax Standard, 27 April 1951, p1. “Jamboree Time….,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 23 April 1954, p1. ↩︎
46. “Jamboree Time….,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 23 April 1954, p1. ↩︎
47. “Parade in Vienna Apr. 28 Gov. Battle to Attend,” Fairfax Standard, 20 April 1951, p1. “Jamboree Time….,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 23 April 1954, p1. “Eisenhower’s Lieutenants,” Indiana University Press; Bloomington, Indiana; 1981, p345. ↩︎
48. “Parade in Vienna….,” Fairfax Standard, 20 April 1951, p1. ↩︎
49. “Planes Fly Over Vienna….,” Fairfax Standard, 27 April 1951, p4 ↩︎
50. “Vienna to Be Host on Fourth To Visitors From 30 Nations,” The Evening Star, 2 July 1950, pA29 ↩︎
51. Kisner, Marie. “Vienna Stories 1950-2000,” 2019, p35. ↩︎
52. “Postoffice Dedication At Vienna,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 2 July 1959, p1 ↩︎
53. Schindler, Beverly. “Vienna Honors ‘All Stars’, Gibson,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo p6. ↩︎
54. Dvorachek, Mrs. W.H., “Vienna,” 28 March 1958, Providence Journal, p9. ↩︎
55. Schindler, Beverly. “Vienna’s 4th Draws Biggest Crowd Ever,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 7 July 1960, p7. ↩︎
56. “$400 for July 4th Fireworks,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 5 May 1966, p13. “Foreigners Plan Visit to Vienna,” Northern Virginia Sun, 2 July 1968, p1. ↩︎
57. Lynch, Artelia. “Vienna Varieties,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 11 May 1956, p8 ↩︎
58. Lynch, Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, p8. ↩︎
59. Town of Vienna newsletter, June 1962, p2. ↩︎
60. Schindler, Beverly. “All ‘Miss Vienna” Contestants Will Ride in Fireman’s Parade,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, p8 ↩︎
61. “Pancake Luncheon To Start Miss Vienna Day!,” Fairfax Herald, 6 September 1963, p1. ↩︎
62. “Miss Vienna Contest Will Close Sept. 3,” Northern Virginia Sun, 23 August 1962, p5 ↩︎
63. Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 25 August 1960, p6. ↩︎
64. “Vienna Park Shows Year of Progress….,” Fairfax Standard, 25 August 1950, p1. Dvorachek, 28 March 1958, Providence Journal, p9. ↩︎
65. Dvorachek, 28 March 1958, Providence Journal, p9. “Vienna Park Being Used Daily by Youngsters,” Providence Journal, 13 July 1950, p1. ↩︎
66. Dvorachek, 28 March 1958, Providence Journal, p9.
    ↩︎
67. Schindler, Beverly. “Vienna OK’s Move Water, Sewer Lines,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 16 July 1959, p1. ↩︎
68. “Recreation Dept. Dog Obedience Classes in April,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 13 April 1961, pB10 ↩︎
69. “Supervised Play at Playgrounds,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 29 June 1951, p1 & p4. ↩︎
70. “Summer Recreation Program Opens Soon,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 23 June 1960, p1. ↩︎
71. “Separation of Races (1926),” Encyclopedia Virginia, accessed 12 October 2025. Sherman, Richard B. ‘”The ‘Teachings at Hampton Institute,’: Social Equality, Racial Integrity, and the Virginia Public Assemblage Act of 1926,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, July 1987, Vol. 95, No. 3, p275. McKay, Robert B., “Segregation and Public Recreation,” Virginia Law Review, Vol. 40 No. 6, October 1964, pp701-702. ↩︎
72. “Colored Citizen’s News: Vienna Oddfellows Lodge To Mark 58th Anniversary on March 12,” Fairfax Standard, 10 February 1950, p5. ↩︎
73. Howard, Josh. “Green Pastures Restored,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 2023 Vol. 131 No. 1, p69. ↩︎
74. “Interactive Map of Northern Virginia,” Documenting Exclusion & Resilience. 13 October, 2025. https://documentingexclusion.org/mapping-nova/. Deeds X14:409, Y14:196, A15:99, 496:450, and 514:84. ↩︎
75. Schindler, Beverly. “Vienna Park Funds Voted by Council,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 21 April 1960, p3. ↩︎
76. Schindler, Beverly. “In Vienna: Nursing Home Approved Over Citizen Protest,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 10 March 1960, p1. ↩︎
77. Schindler, “Vienna Park Funds….,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 21 April 1960, p3. ↩︎
78. Schindler, “In Vienna:….,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 10 March 1960, p1. ↩︎
79. “Town’s Recreation Program Defended by Vienna’s Mayor,” Northern Virginia Sun, 16 May 1961, p3. ↩︎
80. “Town’s Recreation Program….,” Northern Virginia Sun, 16 May 1961, p3. ↩︎
81. Town of Vienna newsletter, June 1961, p2. ↩︎
82. “Costolo Named Vienna Recreation Director,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 22 March 1962, p2. ↩︎
83. “Vienna Park Construction Date Is Set,” Fairfax Standard, 6 May 1949, p1. “Vienna Park Ready….,” Providence Journal, 19 May 1949, p1. ↩︎
84. “Everybody Works….,” Providence Journal, 6 April 1950, p1. “Parade in Vienna….,” Fairfax Standard, 20 April 1951, p1. ↩︎
85. “VRA Gives….,” The Fairfax Standard, 12 May 1950, p1. Lynch, Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 11 May 1956, p8. “Postoffice Dedication…..,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 2 July 1959, p1 ↩︎
86. Schindler, Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 21 April 1960, p3. ↩︎
87. Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 25 August 1960, p6. ↩︎
88. Town of Vienna newsletter, June 1961, p2. “Recreation Dept…., Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 13 April 1961, pB10. ↩︎
89. “Vienna Renames Parks For Civil War Forces,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 22 June 1961, p.14 ↩︎
90. “Names of Vienna Parks Under Scrutiny Again,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 19 July 1962, p2 ↩︎
91. “Vienna Parks Meadow Lane, Glyndon Again,” Fairfax Falls Church Sun Echo, 20 December 1962, p8. ↩︎

List of endnotes with correct endnote number: